Simple Circuit

Components:

Copper tape
LED
Coin cell battery (3V)

Steps:

Create a rectangle using copper tape.
Attach the LED to the copper tape, ensuring the longer leg (anode) is connected to the positive side and the shorter leg (cathode) to the negative side.
Place the coin cell battery in one corner with the negative side facing down.
Connect the copper tape to both ends of the battery.

Result:

The LED glows.
Warning - In the simulation, the current is 61.9 mA, which exceeds the recommended maximum of 20 mA for LEDs. This can damage the LED.

Solution:

Add a resistor in series with the LED to limit the current flowing through it. Using Ohm's Law:
$R = \frac{V}{I}$
For a 3V battery and a target current of 20 mA:
$R = \frac{3 V}{0.02 A} = 150 Ω$ .
Use a 150 Ω resistor to protect the LED.

Series Circuit

Components:

Copper tape
2 LEDs
Coin cell batteries

Steps:

Connect the copper tape in a rectangle.
Attach 2 LEDs in a row (series) to the copper tape.
Ensure the positive leg of the first LED is connected to the battery's positive side, and the negative leg of the second LED is connected to the battery's negative side.

Result:

Both LEDs glow, but they are dimmer than in the simple circuit. (They glow properly with 2 coin cell batteries.
The voltage is shared between the LEDs (1.5V each for a 3V battery).
The current remains the same (20 mA with a resistor).

Parallel Circuit

Components:

Copper tape
2 LEDs
Coin cell battery

Steps:

Connect the copper tape in a rectangle.
Attach two LEDs side by side (in parallel) to the copper tape.
Ensure both LEDs are connected directly to the battery's positive and negative sides.

Result:

Both LEDs glow brightly.
The voltage across each LED is the same (3V), but the current is split between them.
In the simulation, the current is 38.9 mA, which exceeds the recommended maximum.

Solution:

Add resistors in series with each LED to limit the current flowing through them. Use a 150 Ω resistor for each LED.

Breadboard Connections

Description:

The breadboard has two sets of vertical power rails (positive and negative) on the sides.
The main grid is horizontally connected in rows, separated by a central partition.
To connect components:
- Place the battery's positive terminal to the positive rail and the negative terminal to the negative rail.
- Use jumper wires to connect components horizontally across the rows.

Example:

Connect the LED's anode (longer leg) to a resistor, then to the positive rail.
Connect the LED's cathode (shorter leg) to the negative rail.

RC Robot

Components:

Copper tape
9V battery
Copper wires
Foam sheet
Printouts
Soldering iron
100 RPM motors

Steps:

Stick the printouts onto the foam sheet to create the robot's body.
Solder wires to the copper tape for electrical connections.
Solder all intersection points on the copper tape to ensure connectivity.
Stick copper tape onto the template to create the circuit.
Connect the motors to the copper tape and power them with the 9V battery.
https://youtube.com/shorts/vFVS9yz7S04?feature=share

Working:

Power Supply:
- The 9V battery supplies power to the entire system. When the circuit is complete, electricity flows through the copper tape and wires to the motors and the remote control.
Remote Control Operation:
- The remote control has buttons that correspond to different movements (e.g., forward, left, right).
- When a switch is pressed, it completes a specific circuit, sending a signal to the robot.
Motor Activation:
- The signal from the remote control activates the 100 RPM motors.
Movement:
- The 100 RPM motors provide the necessary speed to move the robot. The foam sheet supports the motors and other components.
- The robot moves according to the signals received from the remote control.
Stopping:
- When no buttons are pressed, the circuit is incomplete, and the motors stop rotating. This brings the robot to a stop.

LDR, LED, and Transistor Circuit

Description:

This circuit utilizes a Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) to control an LED assisted by a transistor. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance decreases, allowing current to flow through the transistor and turn on the LED.
Working of electric components
1. LED (Light Emitting Diode):
  - An LED is a tiny light that glows when electricity passes through it.
  - It only works when connected the right way (positive to positive, negative to negative).
2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):
  - An LDR is a special resistor that changes its resistance in response to light.
  - In bright light, its resistance is low (lets more electricity flow).
  - In darkness, its resistance is high (lets less electricity flow).
3. Battery:
  - The battery provides the power (electricity) needed to make the LED glow.
  - It has a positive (+) and negative (-) side.
4. Resistor:
  - A resistor limits the flow of electricity to protect the LED from getting too much power and burning out.

colour codes of resistors-

5 band resistor,

Colour code - Red, Grey, Blue, Red, Brown
Red = 2, Grey = 8, Blue = 6
$Multiplier [Brown color band] = 100 Ohms$

Calculation-

$Multiplier for Brown color = 100 Ohms$
$286 \times 100 = 28600 Ohm$
$\frac{28600}{1000} = 28.6$ (Convert into kilo-ohm)
$1 % of 28600 = 286$
1% tolerance of 28.6 kOhm = 0.286
$28.6 +1% = 28.886 kOhm$
$28600 + 286 = 28886$

Solar panel circuit for solar desk lamp

Circuit Designed in Tinker CAD -

Circuit connections -

The following components are required for making the above circuit:

Solar Panel
Battery
LED
2-Way Switch
Transistor
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
Resistor
Diode

Connections:

The positive terminal of the battery and the positive terminal of the solar panel are connected to the common terminal of the 2-way switch.
Terminal two of the switch is connected to the anode of the LED.
The anode of the LED is connected to the resistor, the first terminal of the LDR, and the base of the transistor.
The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the negative terminal of the solar panel, which is further connected to the diode, the second terminal of the LDR, and the emitter of the transistor.
The cathode of the resistor is connected to the collector of the transistor.

3D Designing:

3D designing involves creating a digital model of the circuit enclosure or any other component using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software.

The design can be optimized for 3D printing by ensuring proper wall thickness, minimal overhangs, and support structures where necessary. The model should be exported in a compatible file format for 3D printing.

3D Printing:

Model: Flash Forge Adventurer Pro
Materials: PLA, ABS
Nozzle Temperature for PLA: 210°C
Bed Temperature for PLA: 50°C
Nozzle Temperature for ABS: 230–250°C
Bed Temperature for ABS: 90–110°C

orca slicer

Orca Slicer is a slicing software that converts 3D models (in formats like STL, OBJ, or 3MF) into G-code, the language that 3D printers understand. The G-code contains instructions for the printer, such as where to move the print head, how fast to extrude filament, and when to turn fans on or off

using Orca Slicer-

1. Importing the 3D Model

The process begins by importing a 3D model into Orca Slicer. The model can be created using CAD software or downloaded from online repositories.

2. Model Preparation

- Scale: Adjust the size of the model.
- Rotate: Change the orientation of the model to optimize print quality or reduce supports.
- Cut: Split large models into smaller, printable parts.

3. Slicing the Model

After configuring the settings, Orca Slicer processes the 3D model and divides it into layers. Each layer is represented as a set of instructions for the printer.
The software uses advanced algorithms to:
- Optimize toolpaths for efficiency and quality.
- Generate support structures where needed.
- Calculate filament extrusion rates and retraction settings to prevent stringing.

4. Exporting G-code

Once the slicing process is complete, Orca Slicer exports the G-code file. This file contains all the instructions the printer needs to create the physical object.
The G-code can be saved to an SD card, USB drive, or sent directly to the printer via a connected computer or network.

https://youtu.be/6JskL6BnBFs

Circuit with a 9-volt battery (Ohm's law)

1. Tinker CAD simulation

I used 2 resistors, resistor#1 is 220 Ω, resistor#2 is 110 Ω

The current is 21.8mA, and the voltage is 6.88 volts.

Theoretical calculation

Voltage is denoted by v

Ampere (current) is denoted by I

Resistance is denoted by R

Ohm's law states that V = IR; therefore, V / I = R

I (Simulated)= 21.8 mA = 0.0218 A, V (Simulated) across resistors = 6.88 V

6.88/0.0218 = R

R = 315.6 Ω

Practical results

Current (Measured) = 21.8 mA =0.0218 A

Voltage (Measured) = 6.89 V

Ohm's law states that V = IR; therefore, V / I = R,

R= 6.89/0.0218 =

Resistance = 316 Ω

Animation using PictoBlox 1.

I created a game using PictoBlox, featuring two sprites (characters): one is a fish and the other is an octopus. The game is that the octopus tries to catch the fish, but I was unable to program the fish to move away from the octopus. Therefore, I set a score after reaching 5 points, the game ends, and the fish turns green. The octopus can be controlled using the arrow keys

.

..

Fish programs

Switching costumes to fish means that the fish will turn red for the next game after turning green in the last game

glide 1 sec to random positions is there so that the fish keeps gliding forever.

If touching me (octopus), then the score will change by 1 forever

If score = 5, then the fish turns green ( switch costume to Fish-a), the score goes back to zero, and the game ends

octopus programs

When the left arrow key is pressed, the octopus moves on the x-axis by -10 units.

If the up arrow key is pressed, the octopus moves on the y-axis by 10 units.

When the right arrow key is pressed, the octopus moves on the x-axis by 10 units.

If the down arrow key is pressed, then the octopus moves on the y-axis by -10 units.

https://youtu.be/nisaKHXiBRo

I made a second game in which I used two sprites, one of which is a flying cat and the other is a building.

Flying Cat Programs

When the space key is pressed, the game starts, and the building begins to move backward; as a result, the cat appears to be flying forward. Each time the cat jumps over a building, the score increases by 1. If the score reaches 5, the cat says 'you won,' and if the cat touches the building, the game is over. If the up arrow key is pressed, then the cat jumps and waits for 0.5 seconds in the air, and then glides back down.

building programs

When the space key is pressed, the building gets set on 300 on the x-axis, and the building keeps changing its position by -10 on the x-axis forever.

https://youtu.be/u7UBS5WVzQc

Temperature and humidity monitor

components

Arduino uno

DHT 11 (Digital humidity and temperature)

jumper wires

bread board

Arduino cable

connections

vcc - 5v

gnd - gnd

data - digital pin 2

Arduino code

The code shows temperature and humidity on the computer. I uploaded this code to Arduino using Arduino IDE.

https://youtu.be/Dqso5rtR-so

Temperature and humidity monitor

components

Arduino uno

DHT11(Digital humidity and temperature)

jumper wires

breadboard

Arduino cable

LCD (Liquid crystal display)

This code is similar to the code above, the difference is that the readings will be shown on the LCD

readings

LDR robot

components

LDR(light-dependent resistor)

Transistor

copper tape

wires

60Rpm motors

wheels

The image above shows where to add components. Copper tape will be placed over the gray line that can be seen. The LDR is attached to both ends of this paper circuit; on the other side, the positive terminal of the battery will be connected to the bottom-most line. One terminal of each motor will be connected to the center, and the other will be connected to the L shape that can be seen near the transistor. The negative terminal of the battery will be connected to the first terminal of the switch. The Wire from the second terminal of the switch is connected to the center. The body of the robot is PLA material